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Time piece from 23 to 25ns. This last slice is now almost all blank, however a few of the walls are still showing strongly.

How deep are these slices? Regrettably, the software I have access to makes estimating the depth a little challenging. If, nevertheless, the top 3 slices represent the ploughsoil, which is most likely about 30cm think, I would guess that each slice has to do with 10cm and we are just coming down about 80cm in overall.

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Thankfully for us, the majority of the sites we are interested in lie simply below the plough zone, so it'll do! How does this compare to the other approaches? Contrast of the Earth Resistance data (leading left), the magnetometry (bottom left), the 1517ns time slice (leading right) and the 1921ns time slice (bottom left).

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Magnetometry, as discussed above, is a passive technique determining local variations in magnetism versus a localised no worth. Magnetic susceptibility study is an active method: it is a measure of how magnetic a sample of sediment could be in the presence of a magnetic field. Just how much soil is checked depends on the diameter of the test coil: it can be really little or it can be fairly large.

The sensor in this case is really small and samples a tiny sample of soil. The Bartington magnetic vulnerability meter with a big "field coil" in use at Verulamium during the course in 2013. Leading soil will be magnetically enhanced compared to subsoils simply due to natural oxidation and reduction.

By measuring magnetic vulnerability at a relatively coarse scale, we can find areas of human profession and middens. We do not have access to a trustworthy mag sus meter, however Jarrod Burks (who assisted teach at the course in 2013) has some outstanding examples. One of which is the Wildcat website in Ohio.

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These villages are often set out around a central open location or plaza, such as this reconstructed example at Sunwatch, Dayton, Ohio. Sunwatch Town, Dayton, Ohio (image: Jarrod Burks). At the Wildcat website, the magnetometer study had actually found a range of functions and homes. The magnetic vulnerability survey helped, however, define the main area of occupation and midden which surrounded the more open area.

Jarrod Burks' magnetic vulnerability study arises from the Wildcat website, Ohio. Red is high, blue is low. The strategy is for that reason of excellent use in specifying areas of general occupation rather than identifying specific features.

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